Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis Health And Social Care Essay

The chief aim in this survey was to mensurate the quality of life ( QOL ) among the patients with diagnostic articulatio genus degenerative arthritis ( OA ) who go toing authorities primary wellness attention clinic. Other than that, this survey besides would wish to happen out the association between socio-demographic and medical position of patients with knee OA and their quality of life. The survey aims should be specific, mensurable, accurate, dependable and seasonableness. In this survey, the aims were mentioned that the QOL is being measured specifically on patients with a certain type of arthritis. The QOL was measured by utilizing 36SF which had been validated in old survey ( Kosinski, 1999 ) . The survey was able to carry on from1st September 2003 boulder clay 30th April 2004. Therefore, this survey aims were suitably defined.3. Theory usedThere is no theory been mentioned in the survey. In this survey, the writers may utilize the quality of life theory. The theory is based on development towards felicity. In other words is, it is the ‘true being ‘ on the construct of human demands. The theory explains that if worlds take more duty for their ain life, they implement the good qualities into usage ; they will go free, happy, powerful and healthy. This is besides known as Maslow ‘s construct of self-actualization. It plays an of import map in mod ern medical specialty particularly in understanding the personal development holding chronic diseases..4. HypothesisIn this survey, there was no mentioning of any hypothesis. However, the void hypothesis that can be suggested is that ‘Patient with articulatio genus OA go toing authorities primary wellness attention clinic has good quality of life in both physical and mental constituent ‘ , wheares the alternate hypothesis could be written as ‘Patient with articulatio genus OA go toing authorities primary wellness attention clinic has hapless quality of life in both physical and mental constituent ‘ .5. Research designThis correlational design cross-sectional survey which was carried out from the 1st September 2003 boulder clay 30th April 2004. This survey qualifies as correlational because the informations collected provide themselves merely to readings about the grade of QOL to which the variables are related to each other. It would merely state us that ther e is a relationship between the OA conditions with HRQOT.6. Sampling methodThe sampling method used was claimed as cosmopolitan sampling, in which all patients with symptoms of articulatio genus OA who attended two different authorities wellness clinics in Hulu Langat, Selangor, Malaysia were taken as sample. In position of the little graduated table survey which merely involved two authorities clinics, the entire patient with OA is besides little. To make a random trying would non be contributing in this instance.7. SampleThrough out the eight months of informations aggregation, merely 213 patients with OA were been registered. The inclusion standards that was laid out – in which all 50 old ages old and above patients that were sing the outpatient authorities wellness clinic, would be the participants. However, the exclusions standards was besides laid that those who were illiterate, who were unable to reply the questionnaire, who needed infirmary admittance, and those who n eeded or those with stationariness or abnormalcy of the lower limb. With the inclusion and exclusion standards, the survey managed to hold 151 participants finishing the questionnaire. In this survey, there was no adverting on how the minimal sample size computation was done. However, for the 1s that were unable to gauge that correlativity, the research workers may be able to utilize a simple comparing of the two proportions as a trial for the footing of gauging the sample size. Using PASS 2000 package, the computation of sample size is- if the proportions of the 2 groups in this survey were expected to be 0.20 and 0.35 ( ? = .05 ; & A ; szlig ; = .20 [ 80 % power ] ) , the minimal sample size of 275 participants is needed ( Delucchi, 2004 ) .8. Technique of informations aggregationTechniques in data-collection allow consistently aggregation of information about objects of survey and the scenes which they occur. In this survey, informations on the medical features and socio-demograp hic of the participants were recorded but did non mentioned where they were recorded. The SF-36 signifier Malay linguistic communication version was either self-administered by the participants or being led face-to-face by an interviewer. Any respondents by household members or friends to the SF-36 signifier were non entertained. It participants unable to understand the questionnaire, the research worker would merely re-read the inquiries. The participants would reply the inquiry harmonizing to their apprehension. Administering written questionnaire is a less expensive informations aggregation technique and it can cut down prejudices due to give voicing inquiry otherwise by different respondents. It gives namelessness to the respondents and permits more honorable response. However, inquiries may be misunderstood by the respondents and every bit mentioned in the survey merely the literates were chosen as participants.9. Measure/instrumentsIn this survey, SF-36 was used to mensurate t he HRQOL. It is a 36-item instrument designed to measure basic wellness constructs. It is relevant to be used across disease, age and intervention groups. It has been validated and a dependable generic instrument that has been used comprehensively to mensurate HRQOL. The Malay version of SF-36 had been translated and validated. It was used in the Malayan National Quality of Life Survey 2000. It measured eight spheres which consisted of physical operation ( PF ) , role-physical ( RP ) , bodily hurting ( BP ) , general wellness ( GH ) , vitality/energy ( VT ) , societal operation ( SF ) , function emotional ( RE ) and mental wellness ( MH ) . The tonss on each sphere ranged from 0 ( lower limit ) to 100 ( upper limit ) . The higher the tonss, indicates the wellness constituents to be better. Since this instruments has been validated and been used in assorted surveies, it is appropriate to utilize it in this survey.10. FindingssThe survey showed that taken as a whole mean tonss were su pra 50.00 in all facets of QOL. There was comparatively lower mark in the spheres related to the physical wellness position as compared to the mental wellness position. The research workers besides run other analysis with the available informations and found that: a. a important negative correlativity between PF and age b. the males had better mark in bulk of the QOL facets, peculiarly in the PF c. patients with no formal instruction scored better in mental wellness constituent particularly in VT and RE. d. patients with co-morbidities shown to hit less than those without co-morbidity in most of the QOL domains particularly in SF. e. The continuance of articulatio genus hurting is negatively correlated with all the QOL facets except RE, and it besides showed to be significantly negative correlated with the RP sphere. f. patients with higher BMI scored lower QOL in SF. g. PF tonss was significantly association with age and gender. h. VT and RE tonss were important association with instruction degrees. Basically, the research workers would wish to reply to the aims that to mensurate the QOL among the patients with diagnostic articulatio genuss OA who go toing authorities primary wellness attention clinic and it showed that the average mark of all the facets of QOL that being studied was above 50.00. Research workers besides had find out some dealingss between the ‘patients with articulatio genus OA ‘ , their socio-demographic and medical position and their quality of life. However, the associations were non portrayed in a table signifier so that the reader would hold a better perceptual experience on the vicarship analysis findings.11. DecisionThe decision in this survey answered the aim of the survey indirectly. It should province that the average mark of all the sphere in QOL was above 50.00 and may advert that the patients had comparatively hapless quality of life in the physical wellness constituents but less on the mental wellness. The research workers mentioned tw o of import forecasters of hapless PF in patient with articulatio genus OA which is female gender and older age, but did non demo how the forecasters were established. The research workers besides claimed that higher BMI patients suffered more hurting – which merely show relationship.12. InterpretationThe reading of informations was non clearly showed in this survey. The statistical analysis method mentioned was appropriate harmonizing to the variables and the aims. However, it is hard to construe the information when the overall bivariate analysis findings were non shown in the literature. The research workers merely mentioned the important findings.13. RestrictionThis survey was carried out to the patient with articulatio genus OA who attended the authorities wellness clinic. Therefore, it can non be inferred to the general population. This is besides suggested by the research workers that a big graduated table community based survey should be conducted to understand more Q OL factors impacting OA patients. The questionnaire was in Malay linguistic communication merely. This is bias towards other patient in different ethnicity. There should be validated multiple linguistic communications questionnaires to be used in this survey. By utilizing questionnaire as instrument of the survey, it had limited the participants to the literates. It would be appropriate to used mix technique to garner more diverse informations.14. Ethical considerationIn this survey, there is no mentioning of consent taken from the patients either verbal or written consent. The research workers of this survey may hold asked for consent but non mentioned here. Harmonizing to a codification of ethical rules by the American Psychological Association, for research workers who deals with human topics have to guarantee that research workers obtain informed consent from all topics, guarantee that topics are protected from injury and uncomfortableness, guarantee that all experimental informations are treated confidentially a nd eventually, the research workers have to explicate the experiment together with the consequences of the survey to the topics.15. Strengths of the Study15.1 Correlational designThe major advantage of this design is that it is typically easy to carry on. This is because it gives associations between studied variables and may propose the possibility of cause. If the two variables are causally related, they must be correlated. So by demoing correlativity, it can be a utile first measure toward showing causing.15.2 Instrument usedThe SF-36 signifier which was used in this survey had been validated and dependable to mensurate HRQOL in diverse groups. Malaysia with 15 other states had participated in interpreting and accommodating SF-36 signifier to analyze HRQOL through the International Quality of Life Assessment Project. Therefore, the findings in the survey can be used to mensurate and compare with surveies done in other states.15.3 The innovator surveyThis is the first published HR QOL survey in patients with diagnostic articulatio genuss OA who attended the authorities wellness clinics done in Malaysia. It can be used as the base of farther surveies spread outing in deepness the QOL in patients with chronic diseases.16. Failing of the Study16.1 Correlational designThe major disadvantage of this design is that it does non give clear input on the existent ground for the associations. It has less control over the variables and the environments and this caused trouble to give alternate accounts. It can non govern out immaterial variables as the causative factors of what is being observed. In this design, when two things are correlated, it does non give chance to straight deduce causing.16.2 Instrument usedAlthough the SF-36 signifier is validated, it is merely in Malay linguistic communication signifier. It had limited the patients that able to take part in this survey.16.3 Unable to deduce findings to the population.The sample size in this survey is unequal for it to be inferred to the population.

Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement

Since the late 1600’s, African Americans have been fighting for equality. In 1865, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson, laws were imposed to segregate severely against blacks. During this time public schools were segregated, prohibiting their right to vote, and forbid them to sit on juries. At this point, African Americans became embittered and wanted to make a change in the way they were being treated. Heroes such as Rosa Parks, Jackie Robinson and Martin Luther King were role models who strived for true freedom for African Americans.Martin Luther King, imparticular, was well known for his peaceful protesting and inspirational speeches. King’s work throughout the 1960’s led to great improvements of equality among the blacks and whites. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. He was raised by both parents, which were both reverends. King’s house that he lived with his parents in was named after his grandfather being nam ed the Williams House. King’s family called him Michael because his father’s name was also Martin.Martin’s name was originally just Martin King Jr.  until his father added Luther after Martin Luther, a Protestant leader in Germany. Being raised with three children in the household, King was the second child of his family. His older sister, Willie Christine King, and his younger brother, Alfred Daniel Williams King, all lived in the same household as him. The parents of Martin gave him a happy upbringing and tried to give him everything they possibly could. During his early childhood he always played the piano, which he taught himself how to do. King’s grandfather and father also provided him with spiritual teachings throughout his young life.The immediate family of Martin was a financially secure middle-class family. Therefore he received a better education than most young children of his race. Although King was raised with excellent morals, he encounte red several racial discriminations as a child. One day he and his older sister went to buy him school shoes. As they entered, they were ushered to the back of the store to an exit because there was a policy stating, â€Å"no blacks are allowed. † This racial encounter was one of the many events that drove King into becoming an activist for equal rights between whites and blacks.  (King, Martin Luther Jr. )After attending college and becoming involved with the Christian society King decided that it was time to make a change. After many years King was able to achieve his lifetime goal, which was to abolish segregation. His changes in society were a long winding road that gave him troubles, but in the end he realized that it was all worth it. Civil Rights have been violated way before Martin Luther King became a well-known face in the fight for equality. Since the Civil War there has been a struggle for African Americans and whites to be treated the same.In the 1950s, there ha ve been more movements for the same rights. In 1954, Brown v. Board of Education, helped create the 14th amendment, which gave everyone equal protection under the law. This helped desegregate schools and merged African Americans and whites into the same school. Rosa Parks sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott because she refused to give up her seat to a white man in 1955. Other peaceful protests and acts helped in the fight for equality. Martin Luther King also started protesting and fighting for African Americans freedom in the late 1950s.Martin Luther King Jr. was the leader of the peaceful Civil Rights Movement in the 1960’s. Martin Luther King Jr. made his I Have a Dream Speech on August 28th, 1963 in order to end racism in the United States. This speech was an eye opener and turn around for the United States. This famous speech was presented to over 250,000 Americans. The Great March on Washington was presented in front of the Lincoln Memorial for jobs and freedom. The purp ose of the speech was to achieve racial justice and equality for everyone especially African Americans.The goal was to terminate racial segregation and allow the unemployed black African Americans to get employed. It was the speech that changed America. This was the first time that the blacks and whites worked together and fought for something they wanted to change. It unified the blacks and whites. This empowering speech by Martin Luther King Jr. made everyone equal and allowed the unemployed black African Americans to have an opportunity to be employed. King’s speech focused on both â€Å"the American dream† and religious themes.He spoke about a country where his children â€Å"will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. † (King, Martin Luther) Martin Luther King had a huge impact on the 1960s. He was able to get the country, and the world, to notice discrimination of African Americans was having through his organizatio n of peaceful protests and marches. His marches and peaceful protests were often recorded and put on TV or radio so the world could see what he was accomplishing. King’s march on Washington helped influence congress in passing a bill that John F. Kennedy created.His impacted was greatly influenced in the South, where whites were still not letting African Americans vote, even though they were free. King had a very influential way in government affairs that were dealt with segregation and equality. The struggles that were overcome in the 1960s couldn’t have been helped, with out the impact that Martin Luther King had. King's speech remains one of the most famous speeches in American history. Martin Luther King had a vision where race was not an issue and everyone was equal. In today’s society, blacks and whites are equal. Blacks and Whites use the same water fountain and attend the same schools.When King gave the I Have a Dream speech, the meaning of the speech ex tended throughout time and it made people think of what is â€Å"right†. It is became more than just skin color but helped us understand not to discriminate against people. We can clearly see the positive impact that King has had on this nation. He has helped change this nation for the better, and it is because of his sacrifice that equality is as accepted and taught as it is today. Although King was arrested multiple times for â€Å"demonstrating without a permit†, he still insisted on making the speeches that changed the world today.After he proclaimed his I have a dream speech he then decided that he wanted to change the way poor people were treated and the employment issues. In 1968, King announced that the Poor People's Campaign will culminate in a March on Washington demanding a $12 billion Economic Bill of Rights guaranteeing employment to the ones able, incomes to those unable to work, and an end to housing discrimination. On March 28, 1968, MLK delivered his I ’ve been to the Mountaintop speech. This was another very moving speech. King told the world about what he envisioned the results of the Civil Rights struggle to be.

Responsibilities and Rights of Employees and Employers

1. Know the statutory responsibilities and rights of employees and employers within own area of work.  1.1 List the aspects of employment covered by lawThe law in UK covers the following aspects:Minimum wage, Hours worked, Discrimination, Health and safety, Holiday entitlements, Redundancy and dismissal, Training, Disciplinary procedures, Union rights and consultation, among many others. Labour law covers the deal between employee and employer, Health and safety cover the work conditions, and minimum wage and other law set basic compensation levels. Within our area of work we also have the Disability Act, Manual Handling Operations and Regulations, Data Protection Act, The Medicine Act, General Social Care Council code 2001, RIDDOR 1995 and more.1.2 List the main features of current employment legislation PayBeing paid and payslipsCompany sick pay rightsPerformance-related payEmployment contracts and conditionsContracts of employmentChanges to employment conditionsBreach of contrac tThe National Minimum WageThe National Minimum Wage ratesCalculating the National Minimum Wage: the basicsHelp getting paid the National Minimum WageTime off and holidaysAnnual leave and holidaysTime to train, request time at work to learn new skillsTime off for dependantsWorking hoursWorking time limits /the 48-hour week/Rest breaksOvertimeFlexible workingTe right to request flexible workingWorking form homePart-time workSickness absenceTime off for sicknessStatement of Fitness for Work /fit note/How work can keep you healthyBusiness transfers and takeoversEmployment protection during business transfers and takeovers Transfers of employment contracts1.3 Outline why legislation relating to employment existsTo ensure a more cost efficient and safer working environment. There is an increasing responsibility for employers to protect the health and safety of their employees. To protect workers, to guide, regulate and set standards, to provide rights and restrictions on workers and manag ement though a legal relationship.1.4 Indentify sources and types of information and advice available in relation to employment responsibilities When I need information and advice with regards to employment responsibilities and rights, I can find these within my contract provided by my employer and the start of my employment, or I can find this information written within my staff handbook . There are policy documents available within my work place. I can also ask member of staff if I am unsure of my responsibilities.2. Understand agreed ways of working that protect own relationship with employer2.1 Describe the terms and conditions of own contract of employment With regards to the terms and conditions of my contract it states the date on with my continuous employment began, the Place of work, Duties, Salary per hour, Working hours per week, Holidays, Holiday Pay, Sickness Absence Policy, Pension, Probation Period, Rights to Notice, Smoking, Data  Protection Act 1998, Maternity rig hts; Ante/natal care, Maternity leave, Statutory Maternity Pay, Adoption Leave & Pay, Statutory Paternity Pay, Parental leave, Time off to care for dependants, Retirement, Right to Search, Short Time Working, Lay Offs & Redundancies, Extended Leave,Variation of Terms and Conditions, Contradiction Between These Terms & Conditions and my Individual Employment Letters, Intellectual Rights, Use of The Internet, Email, Company Rules, Disciplinary Procedures, Principles, Table of Disciplinary Offences and Penalties, The Procedure, Stage One – Verbal Warning, Stage Two – Written Warning, Stage three – Final Written Warning, Stage four / Dismissal, Appeals Procedure, Other Dismissals, The formal grievance procedure, Equal Opportunities Statement, Anti-Harassment Statement, Management’s Responsibility, Additional information, Restrictive Covenants.2.2 Describe the information shown on own pay statement On my own pay slip I have my full name, the name of the compan y that employs me, Tax period, Interval, Date, Staff ID number, NI Number, NI Code, Tax Code, PAYE Reference, Taxable Gross, Gross to Date, Tax to Date, Employer’s NI, Employer’s Pension, NI Gross, Net Pay.2.3 Describe the procedures to follow in event of a grievance If I have grievance relating to my employment, I should attempt to resolve this informally by speaking with your line manager. If, however, I fail to get a satisfactory resolution within a period of 5 days of speaking with my manager of if my grievance is about my manager and I do not wish to discuss it with him or her, the Company has a formal grievance procedure. If I have a complaint, which cannot be resolved, it is essential that I use this procedure in all circumstances.2.4. Identify the personal information that must be kept up to date with own employer Employees personal data should be kept safe, secure and up to date by an employer. Data an employer can keep about an employee includes name, address , date of birth, sex, education and qualifications, work experience, National Insurance number, tax code, details of any known disability, emergency contact details.They will also keep details about an  employee such as: employment history with the organisation, employment terms and conditions (pay, hours of work, holidays, benefits, and absence), any accidents connected with work, any training taken, and any disciplinary action. Each types of personal information must be kept up to date all the time with my employer will be: Change of name, marital status, address, GP, Next of Kin, nationality, change of sex.2.5 Explain agreed ways of working with employerThe Policies and procedures based on sector standards and guidelines and individuals care plans. To implement agreed ways of working I follow the care plan. Duty of care is the obligation I have to exercise a level of care towards an individual, as is reasonable in all the circumstances, to avoid injury to that individual or his /her property. Dilemma can occur when an individual makes a risky choice. They have a right to do this and I must respect and support their choices but I also have a duty to keep them safe.3. Understand how own role fits within the wider context of the sector3.1 Explain how own role fits within the delivery of the service providedMaintain high standards of care and service toward service users. Assist service users in maintaining their personal hygiene, washing and dressing, toileting, shaving male residents, going to bed, promote independence and dignity, and assist in enabling to live their chosen lifestyle. Report complaints directly to the Manager in charge as son as they are made.3.2 Explain the effect of own role on service provisionOur work is on one to one basic. Provide good quality of care, promote independent and dignity, assist in enabling to live their chosen lifestyle, makes clients happy and keep them in good living condition, make them to live longer, by this thing w e can increase peoples confident in the Health and Social Care sector. I work in a care home as a care assistant. My responsibilities includes: assist the residents with personal care, dressing and feeding, helping them to move around, incontinence care, generally assisting with overall comfort, monitoring conditions.3.3 Describe how own role links to the wider sectorI work in a care home where I take care of elderly and mentally ill people suffering from dementia. Old and demented people have problem with loss of short-term memory. I see people as individuals, focus on their strengths, treat them with dignity and respect, and protect the individual from abuse, injury and harm.3.4 Describe the main roles and responsibilities of representative bodies that influence the wider sectorThe main roles of these representative bodies are: to represent the people and be their voice in the senate, to be able assist the people they represent in asserting their humanitarian rights, to ensure tha t their government's financial allocation for the sector they represent is enough basing on their immediate or basic needs.Representative bodies my include: government departments, professional bodies, trade unions, sector skills councils, regulatory bodies, consumer groups. European Union is our representative bodies. The employee must again take all reasonable steps to attend the appeal meeting and will have the right to be accompanied by a trade union representative or fellow employee of his or her choice.4. Understand career pathways available within own and related sectors 4.1 Explore different types of occupational opportunitiesDifferent types of occupational opportunities for example: social worker, specialist, speech therapist, General Practitioner, children social worker, care specialist, Manager, Adult nursing, Child nursing, Mental health nursing, Learning disabilities nursing.4.2 Identify sources of information related to a chosen career pathway Sources of information: i nternet, books, Code of Practice, media /TV, radio, magazines, Newspapers/, individuals, training, Alzheimer’s Society, Supportive care for the Person with Dementia – edited by Julian C. Hughes, Mari Lloyd-Williams, Greg A. Sachs4.3 Identify next steps in own career pathwayI would like to complete the upcoming courses and become a manager in a care home.5. Understand how issues of public concern may affect the image and delivery of services in the sector5.1 Identify occasions where the public have raised concerns regarding issues within the sector Care home abuse and neglect is Britain’s next major scandal. The Panorama footage showed images of aggression and violence against residents at the care home, near Bristol. Staff pinned residents to the floor and forced one into the shower fully dressed and then outside until she shook from cold.5.2 Outline different viewpoints around an issue of public concern relevant to the sector The Government will give greater as surance to families that their complaints or concerns are being properly listened to. Anyone with worries about how their loved one has been treated at the end of their life will have access to an independent assessment of their case.To support this independent assessment, the Government will make available a list of experts to provide local support for patients if needed – and all NHS hospitals will be asked to appoint a Board member with responsibility for overseeing any complaints about end of life care and for reviewing how end of life care is provided.5.3 Describe how issues of public concern have altered public views of the sector The bad practices and scandals in the social and health care sector arouse the public. People lose their confidence and keep their family members away from the care homes.5.4 Describe recent changes in service delivery, which have affected own area of work I like to work with service users alone when the situation and their health condition al lows. My clients are suffering from dementia. They may become unusually emotional and experience rapid mood swings for no apparent reason, which may cause a dangerous situation. I make sure to call for help if necessary.

Non-government Organizations Are the True Heroes of the Changes to the Essay

Non-government Organizations Are the True Heroes of the Changes to the African Human Rights System - Essay Example Principally, human rights have three generations; social –economic, civil –political, and collective developmental human rights. First, the social economic human rights incorporates two ideas, which are norms that are related to provision of goods that are related to social needs such as shelter, health care, education among other social needs, and norms that are related to provision of economic needs such as substantial wages, standard living , social security among other economic needs. Second, a civil – political human rights where two norms are incorporated. One norm revolves around physical and civil security such as equality before the law, opposition to torture and inhumane treatment. On the other norm, civil political empowerments are incorporated like the freedom to assembly, voluntary association, over and above, participation in political activities in a given society. Finally, collective – development human rights also had two divisions; one di vision is of self determination to people particularly in the political, social, cultural and economic development whilst the other division narrows down to specific human rights in terms of ethnic and religious perspective (McBeth and Joseph 2010). In respect to this, the first generation articulates on liberty and human participation in political life. ...Of importance to note is that the division of these rights works in accordance to liberty, equality and fraternity stipulated in the tenets of French Revolution (Heilinger and Ernst 2012). Cultural Relativism In Relation To Human Rights and African Charter Cultural relativism is denoted as the concept where local cultural traditions with inclusion of religious, political and legal practices decide on the existence and scope of the human rights that are enjoyed by individual in a particular society. Eventually, it assumes that all culture are equally valid, an argument that is echoed by numerous leaders locally. In respect to this , cultural relativism has greatly contributed to the respect of human dignity through the human rights even at international levels. Due to this, the African Charter was implemented purely concentrate on Human Rights in the African continent in 1981, which entered into force in 1986 leading to the African human rights system (Sinclair 2010).

Early America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Early America - Essay Example This story belongs to the oldest Seneca oral traditions. However, the author is Jeremiah Curtin, a white who got an opportunity to live among the people and interacted with them. The story appeared in the people’s local language but became available in English through the efforts of Hewitt. The story brings out the fact that human beings originally lived in better conditions that in the world as early Americans knew it. The people had a notion of heaven where they thought man originated (Johnson, 2012). In addition, they believed that sea creatures existed as well. The fate of the girl who fell from the sky ends up on earth, a dry land created as an island using soil from deep sea. This part of the story implies the curiosity of early Americans to understand how the separation of the seas and dry land occurred. The narrative then highlights how this woman became the ancestor of people on earth through the daughter she bore. However, the story does not explain how the conception of the daughter occurred. Regarding the daughter, the strength of the wind comes out as the source of conception. The story does not elaborate how this mystery occurred. The story highlights the origin of races because it refers to the offspring of the daughter as two sons having different complexions. According to the Seneca people, that was the origin of racial indifferences. The two sons then bring out the dominion of man over other animals. The story accords man immense power. He had the power to create and alter the creations. In addition, he was in a position to exercise dominion over the creation. From the story, the reader learns the origin of human disagreement from the comparison of work of the two brothers (Johnson, 2012). The story offers a reader some information about the beliefs of the earliest American people. However, it has its shortcomings. It does not explain majority of the

The White Tiger by aravind adiga Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The White Tiger by aravind adiga - Essay Example The metaphor of â€Å"light and darkness† appears quite often in the Balram Halwai story. For example, Balram believes that river Ganga symbolizes darkness and that is why he refers to its as â€Å"Ganga of black† (Adiga, 57). Balram warns Wen Jiabao to avoid washing himself in Ganga and he mentions the acids, garbage and diseases that are in the river. He describes the river as one that brings death. Initially, it is described as â€Å"holy† and is meant for cleaning the soul and the body. This makes it a big tourist attraction centre. However Balram opposes this idea and argues that it is only the Indians who know that the river is full of dirt. People who live far away from the river are also not aware of this dirt. Therefore, this means that people who live far from the Ganga River are in darkness of this reality and those who live near the Ganga River are in lightness of this reality. The novel also represents the concept of lightness and darkness among poor and rich people. While the richer people own pets like dogs, poor people may only afford a water buffalo that they require for survival. The class of the divine creature is recognized with the dogs of the wealthy as well. Another disparity in possessions is the type of alcohol people afford. Wealthy people only buy most luxurious alcohol that is referred to as â€Å"English liquor†. ... These themes encounter each other all through the novel. Even while Balram has managed to establish himself in the town of Bangalore, he carries on looking for methods of distinguishing himself from â€Å"darkness.† As one of his white tiger drivers knocks a boy by the road, he pays a visit to the boy’s family and gives their surviving son a job (Aravind, 10). He recognizes that this verdict may make him seem weak, but he says that he was left with no other choice. He says, â€Å"I cannot live in the same way as the Buffalo, the River and wild Boar lived, and perhaps still live, back in Laxmangarh. Now I have seen the light.† Rooster Coop Rooster Coop is a metaphor that Balram uses to define the system of the master/servant system of India. The rooster coop symbolizes the cage that Balram lives. He depends on his master who makes all the decisions about what he ought to do. Apart from these conditions, the servants are also accommodated symbolize a rooster coop. The author states that the majority of the servants are caught in the Rooster coop, just like the poor people in the poultry market. He argues that ninety nine percent of the servants are caught in the rooster coop and Balram is one of them. On a certain day at the marketplace, Balram gets to see caged roosters being butchered next to one another. All the Roosters are aware that they are next in the list to be slaughtered, but they are reluctant to rebel. Balram sees the Indian servants entrapped in servitude, but they are all reluctant to break out of the â€Å"Rooster Coop† because they honor their families. Aravind Adiga often cites the rooster coop when he is talking of a feature or situation of the Indian servant class and he also supports himself for killing his master with it. The

Lessons Learned from WWI, WWII and Vietnam War Essay

Lessons Learned from WWI, WWII and Vietnam War - Essay Example The most probable cause of the war was the assassination of Ferdinand the crown prince of Austria-Hungary by Serbian Slavs on June 28, 1914 at Sarajevo. If you ask many leaders of the time, they would say the war was inevitable. However, as Stoessinger would put it â€Å"it was people who actually precipitated wars† (Xiii). The Austria-Hungary leader Emperor Franz Joseph had a great hatred for Slavs and combined with unrelenting pressure from his chief of staff general Conrad Von Hotzendorff and foreign minister Count Leopold Von Berchtold, he decided to wage war on Serbia. The war was thus not a revenge for the assassination as the Kaiser of Germany Wilhelm II would have expected. The Kaiser gave Joseph his undying support not knowing his real intentions. The support was sacred and irrevocable hence could never be retracted (Nibelungentreue) and Joseph knew this. That is one lesson leaders should have learnt: never to let personal ethics rule over political judgment. If Kaise r had known what his support would result to, he would not have given it in the first place. The effect was that it put him right at crossroads with his cousin Czar Nicholas II of Russia as he entered the war to defend Serbia against unjust aggression by Austria. Czar did not see the reason why Austria would send such a humiliating and provocative ultimatum to Serbia. He saw it as an excuse to wage war on Serbia and he was not mistaken therefore, despite diplomacy from Kaiser nothing could stop his army from mobilizing for an imminent war.

Exploring The Paranormal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Exploring The Paranormal - Essay Example Such occurrences have long been an aspect of academic discourse. Milbourne, a scholarly author, notes that in the early 20th century a scientific experiment was established with three psychic mediums and a price of $2,500 if they could prove the existence of such powers (Brown 67). The study revealed that none of the participants were able to prove, under scientific circumstances, existence of paranormal spirits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another frequent area of exploration for Ghost Adventures is the proof of ghosts through discovery of ‘evidence’. For example, in one episode they claim to locate hard evidence of a ghost through infrared capture. They indicate that the heat on display is clear evidence of a ghost. Scientific research, however, has indicated that, â€Å"Once again there is no scientific evidence to suggest that ghosts will emit or interfere with electromagnetic fields† â€Å"Paranormal Investigation in New Zealand†. This evidence is in direct contrast to claims made in the television program that the images they have located on their device truly indicated that paranormal activity is occurring. Another prominent occurrence in the television program is the implementation of traces on an electromagnetic spectrum. In the television program they utilize this to indicate that a ghost truly exists. However, researchers have noted that, â€Å"A range of sources would need to be eliminated before you could then conclude that there was a field from an unknown origin – but then it would just be that – a field of an unknown origin. You could not then conclude it was a ghost† (Radin 67). The director of the movie speculated that there might have been a ghost in the areas they were checking therefore, they had no evidence to prove this. This is evidenced by the dark settings in the movie. The general cinematography of the Ghosts Adventures is breathtaking. The dark and dull background brings the black scary color that is usually

Revenues in sports industry Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Revenues in sports industry - Term Paper Example Consulting company A.T. Kearney states that the sports industry in global scale is prospering, and today the industry is worth about 500-600 USD bn. (which includes sports events like simple games, national competitions, Olympiads etc., infrastructure and constructions, sports products and goods) (Collignon, Sultan, and Santander). Dynamics of sports industry revenues in global scale shows the overall growth of revenues for the past 9 years (table 1): expected revenue in 2014 is 36% more than it was in 2006 ("Changing the game. Outlook for the global sports market to 2015"). The constituents of Revenues are Gate revenues, Media rights, Sponsorships, and Merchandising ("Changing the game. Outlook for the global sports market to 2015") (table 2). According to the structure of revenues, the biggest portion of the total revenues belonged to Gate revenues (34% in 2006). The situation changed in 2014, when Sponsorship took the leading position (31%, which is 1% more than Gate revenues that year). The change of the structure shows that the representatives of other industries use sports industry to win new markets, gain new customers, increase their own rating among competitors and increase profits.Jonathan Jensen and Anne Hsu prove this with their research, which says that "net income at these firms (sponsors) grew faster than at S&P 500 firms in general (7.8% to 6.5% per year)" and "the top 16 (companies), which spent on average $160m a year on sponsorship, saw net income grow by 22.1% annually".

Scientific Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scientific - Essay Example 180). The latter permits replication of plasmid in host cells while drug-resistance gene is essential in allows growth of host cells by destruction of antibiotics especially carbenicillin. The use of restriction enzymes, in obtaining cloning sites through cleaving of the vector acts as the initial step in insertion of foreign DNA (Seviour and Nielsen, 2010, p. 365). Sticky ends especially single-stranded ends can results from cleavage of palindromic sequence GAATTC by EcoRI (Russell et al., 2013, p. 393). The resultant single-stranded ends have hybridization ability with similar EcoRI pieces of DNA. Using the principle, scientists take sequences of foreign DNA for cloning and mix them with cleaved vectors after digestion with EcoRI (Brown, 2013). After hybridization of the plasmid and foreign DNA through the sticky ends, the next step involves sealing with phosphodiester linkages to form recombinant plasmid. DNA ligase enzyme remains imperative in the sealing process. Consequently, the aforementioned replication origin, resistance gene, and DNA fragment remains present on the newly created recombinant plasmids that collectively forms circular library. The inherent recombinant plasmids have each of them possessing unique foreign DNA fragment. Subsequent stage involves addition of E. Coli bacteria that acts as host cells to the recombinant plasmids. At this stage, the study has made the cells permeable to DNA through treatment with CaCL2. Some cells resist taking recombinant plasmids while others do through a process known as transformation. Thereafter, the researcher pours the E,Coli cells into an antibiotic carbenicillin plate nutrient agar. It is important to note that only cells that have resistance to carbenicillinin antibiotic would grow in the agar as opposed to the rest. Growth and multiplication of the aforementioned cells remains possible at 37

Response to short story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Response to short story - Essay Example Clearly, it is blind approval of the lottery that has made the lottery part and parcel of the villagers’ lives and perpetuates annual murders in the form of ritual performances in the small town. People are often intrinsically resistant to change and have become so submissive to their traditions that they fear a relapse into primordial times upon the stoppage of the lottery. The lottery has transformed the villagers into inhumane creatures that they find it normal to kill so as to satisfy the demands of tradition. Sadly, none of the villagers can give a substantial reason for holding the lottery and having to kill someone whenever they are called upon. This clearly exposes the unconscious self that is driven by the power of tradition rather than the reasoning mind. Suppose the killers would take even a minute to challenge their action perhaps no more deaths in the lottery would be experienced, but no one seems to dare questioning the tradition. To them it seems like their reason for living. Jacksons impugns the villagers’ reverence for this odd tradition by arguing that the villagers are even oblivious of the origin of the ritual that they hold so

The Different International Markets Only Changing the Structures Essay Example for Free

The Different International Markets Only Changing the Structures Essay â€Å"How Ingvar Kamprad succeed to adapt the different international markets only changing the structures?† The evolution of Ikea’s organization structure changed through the years. First, it used to have an horizontal organization structure, with just one boss taking the decisions, Ingvar and the employees, manufacturing the products (Exhibit 1). Most businesses begin as simple structure with only two levels: the strategy apex and an operating level.(P79)This is an original Swedish model and it is normally used in small companies. A successful horizontal structure allows each employee to have and affirm his own perspective. Thus all the employees shape a society in their company. Eliminating the hierarchical structure deemphasizes the value of power, and accentuates the collaboration. It allows balancing the power in the structure. The first problem appeared in the 1970s:growth in the Swedish furniture market was stagnating. Kamprad felt it was time for IKEA to expand internationally. Refer to the theory from class, one of the reason why restructure is the growing of organizations.(P89) Then, the structure had to be adapted since the horizontal one was now too simple. That’s the reason why it evolved from the horizontal form to a more vertical way (Exhibit 2). As noted, vertical coordination rests on top-down command and control. (P59 )As in the horizontal one, the boss is situated at the top. However, the management was split up into two different â€Å"departments†: the Swedish and the European management. This division will be the base of the Ikea’s successful future. Dividing the management into these two segments, gave them the possibility to keep on going with the traditional Scandinavian culture; and on the other hand, improve and innovate in the European market. In the 1980s, Ikea wanted to start doing business not only in Europe but all over the world, in the USA, Canada and Asia, for instance. According to the knowledge we learnt from class,the reason why restructuring is that The environment shifts.(P89)At this time, the organization frame of Ikea had also got to be changed. In this case, the management was divided in geographical regions. Once this modification had been done, each Ikea store was able to satisfy the different consumer needs depending on the region they were located (Exhibit 3). Furthermore, between 1986 and 1990, Ingvar Kamprad elected Anders Moberg as a president; they did not have the same idea about the management and the structure, and that is the reason why the company structure changed into a new one. The leadership shift had an impact on the company’s management style.(case,P10)The environment shifts is also a reason of restructure.(P89) This new structure is divided into 3 levels: supervisory board (the top), executive board and staff. To our mind it is like Mintzbergs structural configurations: divisionalized form. Divisionalized form is based on centralization and different divisions in the same company. We can say that it is like the way of thinking of Anders Moberg, the president, because he is more committed to systematization (as refer in the case study page 10). From 2000, they opened more stores and they worked with a wider range of products, not just kitchen and garden products, but also office furniture and more traditional designs. This is the reason why new departments emerged, because of the need of specialized personnel. But the structure remain the same, this additional departments did not affect it. To sum up, we would like to highlight the importance of Ingvar for the Ikea Company, since all the decisions he made were fortunately the best ones he could have taken. Each decision was taken at the right time. Even with many difficulties, Ingvar Kamprad knew how to turn problems in opportunities, for instance with the Ikea launching in the worldwide markets. He was self-confident and believed in his company’s values and culture, and he never tried to change this but to improve it, through the combination of different types of organization structures. Many small companies may have Ikea as a reference; in the moment he wanted to enter to new markets (become international) it was forced to adapt its organization frame: evolving from a horizontal to a more vertical one. So that, we can conclude that if companies wanted to expand their business to new markets, it is necessary to change and adapt to what the moment requires. He opted to rely on traditional values ​​and strive to provide a better quality of life to consumers. The founder has always known how to analyse and follow the market surronding him. Each decision was taken at the right time. Even with many difficulties, Ingvar Kamprad has known how to turn problems in opportunities, for instance with the Ikea launching in the worldwide markets. Through this case study, we wanted to show that the current state of Ikea is thanks to Ingvar Kamprad. through this case, we wanted to show that it is the Man itself who made the corporation what it became. We also wanted to emphasize the fact that the structures change (very) quickly, thus, you must follow the market surrounding.

George IV: The Prince Regent (1811-1820).

George IV: The Prince Regent (1811-1820). When George IV died, on 26th June, 1830, The Times (founded in 1775) published a scathing obituary saying, as Hibbert (1975) quotes: ‘There never was an individual less regretted by his fellow-creatures than this deceased king. This was not an idiosyncratic view, for both as Prince Regent and later as King, George had been roundly criticised. Although he encouraged the idea that he was ‘the first gentleman of Europe and was doubtless a ‘patron of the Arts- notwithstanding the somewhat mercurial and superficial nature of this ‘patronage, in some cases his faults far outweighed his virtues and from his own family to the general populace he was the object of scorn and derision throughout his life. This is widely reflected in the Art and Literature of the era, where George sat as uneasily as Humpty Dumpty atop a mountain of creativity: not so much its head but its target. Prince George Augustus Frederick reigned as Regent from 1811 until the death of his father, George III, in 1820, when he ascended the throne. George III had bouts of perceived ‘madness (now generally thought to have been due to porphyria, which ironically his son inherited) and more than once his ability to rule was called into question by the parliaments of the time. When it was finally realised that he was unable to function sufficiently even to open Parliament, the nine year Regency began. A time of huge political change, encompassing riots, revolution and the abolition of slavery, and against the backdrop of the Napoleonic Wars, the years of the ‘Regency have come to be associated with an artistic renaissance in which architects such as Nash, encouraged by the Prince, would redesign London; artists like Reynolds and Gainsborough would significantly develop portraiture and the powerfully influential ‘Romantic Movement in Literature, which encompassed the work of poets as diverse as Blake, Byron and Wordsworth, began. Crucially, it was also the time when the novel became widely recognised as an important genre, with the writing of such perennially popular novelists as Sir Walter Scott and Jane Austen. Indeed, it is interesting to consider how Austen, not usually regarded as a ‘controversial writer, reflected the contemporary view of the Prince Regent. Austens novel, Emma, was first published in 1815, and ‘given a lavish supply of three Royal Highnesses in its dedication (Tomalin, 1998). However, Austen was not in favour of this effusive wording, since she disliked the Prince Regent intensely, principally because of his treatment of his wife. In a letter to Martha Lloyd, dated February 16th, 1813, (cited in Le Faye, 1997) she wrote: Poor woman, I shall support her as long as I can, because she is a Woman, because I hate her Husband but I can hardly forgive her for calling herself ‘attached affectionate to a Man whom she must detest the intimacy said to subsist between her Lady Oxford is bad I do not know what to do about it; but if I must give up the Princess, I am resolved at least always to think that she would have been respectable, if the Prince had beh aved only tolerably by her at first. Given that this was Austens profoundly held, if ‘private, opinion of ‘His Royal Highness it can only have been a source of great distress to her to accept the ‘invitation, otherwise ‘command, of the Prince, as an admirer of her work, to offer any dedication at all. Austen really had no choice but to agree, as was explained by his intermediary and librarian, John Murray. Her acquiescence is indicative of the Regents power; his failure to acknowledge the work personally, when published and sent to him as a gift, evidence of his rather superficial, vain nature, especially since he offered the suggestion that she write an ‘historical romance based on his family! Yet, more importantly, perhaps, this telling vignette reveals much of the general opinion of the public, if we take Austen as representative of such. Clearly, the Princess is not thought guiltless, yet she is held less culpable than the Prince: ‘she would have been respectable, writes Austen, surely an indictment against Regency Society in general. Certainly, she had parodied the excesses of the Regency mores in Mansfield Park (1814), where the Crawfords have been literally corrupted at the home of their uncle, ‘the Admiral. Austen simultaneously criticises the practices of Regency Society and the Prince Regent, since he is ‘the First Gentleman and director of this. Being privy to her naval officer brothers stories, she is able to show just how indelicate ‘polite society has become, when Mary Crawford makes use of a rather risquà © double-entendre when dining with the Bertrams. Her reference to having seen more of ‘admirals and rears and vices is shocki ng to both the meekly pious heroine, Fanny Price, and Fannys cousin, the future clergyman, Edmund Bertram. Austen also shows the difference between city and rural life when Edmund criticises Marys abrupt dismissal of the influence of the clergy by saying that, ‘We do not look in great cities for our best morality. The Court, at the centre of ‘City life, with the Prince Regent at its head is thus neatly and obliquely criticised. The fact that the Prince was an ‘admirer of Austens work, notwithstanding, displays her subtlety and his obtuseness. It also shows how wrong it is to think of Austen as uninterested in the ‘important events of her time. She is more than aware of the social evils of the Regency period and in no small measure lays the blame for this at the feet of the ‘immoral Regent himself. Criticism of the Prince is of necessity frequently subliminal, though he was often criticised openly, especially in the contemporary caricatures of such as George Cruikshank and James Gillray. These anti-establishment artists contrast strongly with the ‘official view evidenced in the commissioned portraits of the Prince Regent, and later the King, in the work of portraitists like Sir Thomas Lawrence. Peter Ackroyd, in his London: The Biography (2000) records George being referred to at his coronation as being ‘obliged to present himself, as chief actor in a pantomime. Since the coronation cost a small fortune, the Regents ‘play-acting may be seen as akin to Marie-Antoinettes and almost as dangerous. After all, this was uncomfortably close, chronologically, to the French Revolution, of 1789 and the earlier ‘defection of the Americas, in 1776. Indeed, there was a genuine fear of revolution in England at this time, especially after the assassination of the Prime Minister, Spencer Perceval, in 1812, who the Prince had, surprisingly given his previous difficulties with him, confirmed in office. Events such as the Luddite Riots (the backdrop to Charlotte Brontà «s novel of 1849, Shirley) proclaim the unrest which the disparity between the rich and the poor, nowhere more clearly displayed than in the extravagances of the Prince of Wales, was beginning to provoke. The introduction of the Corn Laws, in 1815, made wheat too expensive for the ordinary people whilst increasing the wealth of the nobility via their land and they were simultaneously increasing their workers rents whilst decreasing their wages. As a result, riots erupted throughout the country and led to the Peterloo Massacre in Manchester where eleven people were killed and 400 wounded; an ostentatious heir to the throne was clearly the last thing that was wanted. The early Romantics, stressing emotion over reason, reflected this social unrest and the initial impetus for the writing of such as Blake, Wordsworth, Byron and Shelley was politically radical. Later, when the work of Wordsworth became so imbued in the â⠂¬ËœEstablishment that he was, after Robert Southey, created Poet Laureate, he was severely criticised by his contemporaries and earlier, in the ‘Dedication to his unfinished epic poem, Don Juan (1819-1824) Byron, whose political leanings were towards social reform (he even wrote ‘Song for the Luddites, in 1816) lampooned Robert Southey and, by extension, the Regent, referred to in the poem as ‘Fum the Fourth, our royal bird: Bob Southey! Youre a poet Poet-laureate,   Ã‚  And representative of all the race, Althought is true that you turnd out a Tory at   Last, yours has lately been a common case; And now, my Epic Renegade! what are ye at?   With all the Lakers, in and out of place?   A nest of tuneful persons, to my eye   Like four and twenty Blackbirds in a pye. Southey had mourned Robespierre as ‘the benefactor of mankind on his death (Storey, 1997) but had, like Wordsworth (and even the Regent himself, once a ‘supporter of the French Revolution) modified his views. Byron here castigates his erstwhile fellow reformer and puns on the word ‘pye to link it with the previous Laureate, Henry James Pye, in order to emphasise the satirizing of the principal role of the Poet Laureate i.e. to ‘flatter the ruler, in this case the Prince Regent. Moreover, in the nursery rhyme, the king and queen are diverted by money and pleasure, ‘the counting-house and the ‘bread and honey, a clear link to the excesses of the Regency court. It is worth noting that Byrons ‘Dedication was never published with the Cantos of Don Juan in his lifetime and that the original nursery rhyme is thought to satirise an earlier Kings greed, immorality and excesses, Henry VIII, whom Byron would use to attack the Regent in his poem, ‘ Windsor Poetics. Byron is also scornfully derisive about ‘the Lakers, obviously the ‘Lake Poets, such as Southey and Wordsworth, who Byron saw as having, in modern-day parlance, ‘sold-out to the Tories, having been ‘Renegades in their youth. Byron thus reflects the need for change and the corrupting nature of the Regency court which diverted men from reform by the temptations of the gorgeous trappings of wealth with which the Regent surrounded himself (such as the indulgent ‘Xanadu of the Royal Pavilion at Brighton, largely the work of John Nash). Byron was not altogether wrong to criticise his former ‘allies, for it is certainly true that Wordsworth, in line with the roots of the Romantic ideal crystallized by the ‘spirit of the French Revolution (i.e. to discard an outdated way of life and of thinking when it was illegal then even to speak or write of this) changed his ‘radical views ‘radically. In ‘The Prelude (begun in 1805) Wordsworth e xclaimed, ‘bliss was it in that dawn to be alive, echoing the feeling that this was the herald of a new spirit to be embraced: Yet in the regal sceptre, and the pomp Of orders and degrees, I nothing found Then, or had ever, even in crudest youth, That dazzled me, but rather what I mourned And ill could brook, beholding that the best Ruled not, and feeling that they ought to rule. The idea clearly expressed is that ‘the pomp/ Of orders and degrees is empty, vainglorious and unfair. The poet sees the injustices of the world and that ‘the best/Ruled not; nothing could be more critical of the Regency excesses of early Nineteenth Century England. It was, as Byron, Shelley et al believed, a ‘U-turn of epic proportions for Wordsworth, in later life, to ‘re-assess his work and take an Establishment view, and the mockery of Southey in ‘Epic Renegade is thus largely justified, though Byron was not wholly free of hypocrisy himself, of course, nor was Southey alone in his ‘defection to an altered interpretation of the term ‘Romantic, placing the emphasis far more on the harmony with nature which is nowadays usually associated with the movement. Quite the opposite was true of the early Romantic, William Blake. Never ‘in tune with any ‘movement per se, Blake retained a bold, idiosyncratic, reforming and largely anarchistic line throughout his life. In his poem ‘London, from Songs of Experience (1794) Blake openly criticises every level of authority, even the throne: I wander thro each charterd street, Near where the charterd Thames does flow, And mark in every face I meet Marks of weakness, marks of woe. In every cry of every Man, In every Infants cry of fear, In every voice, in every ban, The mind-forgd manacles I hear. How the Chimney-sweepers cry Every blackning Church appalls; And the hapless Soldiers sigh Runs in blood down Palace walls. But most thro midnight streets I hear How the youthful Harlots curse Blasts the new born Infants tear, And blights with plagues the Marriage hearse. T. S. Eliots famous remark that Blakes poetry has ‘an honesty against which the whole world conspires because it is unpleasant is clearly evidenced here. His view of London is characterised by being taken from the level of the ordinary man and woman. Like Dickens, later, he opted to be the ‘voice of the ‘common man not the ‘mouthpiece of the Establishment; his ‘sensibility causes him to react to the ‘blood on the ‘Palace walls and though a ‘great London visionary (Ackroyd, 2000, p.15) not blind to its faults. Blakes black ‘streets are ‘charterd, hence, governed, under rule, and therefore intended to be protected. The fact that they are not criticises the entire society from the throne down, encompassing the ‘blackning church which seems oblivious to the social evils embodied in ‘the Chimney-sweepers cry and ‘the youthful Harlots curse. The ‘double-standard of this corruptly led society is loathed by t he poet and he does not shrink from proclaiming his abhorrence. Moreover, in the ‘mind-forgd manacles he sees the hand of the monarch (especially since he first wrote ‘German forged links). The poet exemplifies the reforming zeal which informed early-Romanticism. Blake was a consummate uncompromising artist, whose written work was always accompanied by a painstakingly created engraving on bronze, colour washed, then printed. However, his art was as different from his contemporaries as his writing. The Regency saw the development of detailed Landscapes expressing profound emotional depth. This was very much encouraged by the Prince Regent, who developed his own collection and urged the government to do likewise, inspiring the later foundation of ‘The National Gallery. Samuel Palmers simplicity of style combines with the visionary religious feeling derived from Blake; John Constables peacefully, idyllic rural landscapes, innovatively created in the open air, evoked an England already felt to be slipping away and to be the more so with the coming of the Industrial Revolution. Indeed, much Victorian Literature, written in the mid-nineteenth century, is set in the time of the Regency. For example, Emily Brontà «s Wuthering Heights, published in 1847, begins in 1801, with ‘flashbacks in the dual narrative to the late eighteenth century and Lockwood, the ‘intruder from London, and portrayed as a snobbish ‘dandy, represents the Regency idea that ‘the City was ‘the centre of the Universe. (Interestingly, the Brontà « sisters almost certainly took their models for the ‘wild, untamed heroes of their novels from the writing of this era, too, being ‘Byronic in nature; they were also influenced by their admiration of the Duke of Wellington, a critic of the Prince Regent.) This was quite widespread in the mid nineteenth century, to be found in the works of George Eliot and Thomas Hardy amongst others. Turners wild and deliberately indistinct ‘seascapes influenced later authors as well as artists and the Regents sensitivity to the importance of Art is evidenced in his patronage of it throughout his life. Like Kenneth Grahames ‘Toad, he often became obsessed with fads only to drop them without further thought but it is a testimony to its importance to him that this was not the case with Art, to which he remained devoted in his support and appreciation despite the many deprecating caricatures which satirised his life and reign, calling him, in later life, ‘the Prince of Whales (Le Faye, p. 44) due to his corpulent build; Keats even referred to him as ‘fat George'(Gittings, 1970). Indeed, to some extent, he lampooned himself more successfully, albeit unwittingly, by commissioning ridiculously flattering ‘official portraits by such as Sir Thomas Lawrence (1816). ‘Prinny, as he was known by his inner circle, was equally interested in architecture, commissioning John Nash to renovate Windsor Castle and Buckingham Palace, as well as to reshape London. In the course of this, the eponymous Regents Park was developed, initially for private use only, from the former Royal Hunting Grounds (Ackroyd, 2000); this, however, was unlikely to endear him to the starving populace of whom he seemed largely oblivious. Even his brother, William IV, later remarked that the Prince Regent had, ‘damned expensive tastes in ‘knicknackery (Brown Cunliffe, 1982, p. 148) but given his uneasy relationship with his family, it was inevitable that any aspect of his life that could be criticised, would be, especially since acknowledgement of Georges defects could only add to the popularity of his successors; the moral and sober replacing the immoral and facile. (This would culminate in the extravagantly ‘wholesome and respectable, Queen Victoria, who is recorded as having disliked being near ‘Uncle King, as she called George IV, saying it was: ‘too disgusting because his face was covered with greasepaint.) Nowhere was this more evident than in the Princes private life, which both as Regent and King, was always ‘very vulnerable; so much so that most of his correspondence was destroyed on his death (Aspinall, 1963). His ‘first love, Mary Robinson, an actress whose stage name was ‘Perdita, received passionate love letters from him in his youth signed ‘Florizel (probably a reference to Shakespeares A Winters Tale where characters so named fall in love: Florizel is a prince, Perdita a royal brought up by a shepherd). Cannily, given the Princes relative penury in later life, she extracted a financial ‘bond from him to be redeemed on his coming of age; surprisingly, the Regent honoured this but then, he was usually generous to his mistresses rather than his wives. Maria Fitzherbert, a twice-widowed Roman Catholic and the love of his life was much less successful financially. Indeed, the Prince frequently borrowed from her and hid from his creditors at her house. Her religion forbade their marriage, but George married her in secret, in 1785, without the consent of the King, thus rendering the union illegal. Nevertheless, he remained close to her to the end of his life and after his death, Wellington, not an admirer of the Prince but keen to preserve the dignity of the monarchy, made it his personal task as executor to burn his correspondence with Mrs. Fitzherbert. This was an exercise in retroactive ‘damage-limitation, because much of the criticism of George had surrounded his ‘marriages and liaisons. His indiscretions made it even easier for the popular press to lampoon him and continue to hold him in very low-esteem, although much of what he achieved was conveniently overlooked or regarded as ‘frivolous. The Times wrote of h im that he preferred ‘a girl and a bottle to politics and a sermon but overlooked the fact that he had this, at least, in common, with most of his contemporaries. George had been compelled by the King, for financial reasons, to marry his cousin, Caroline of Brunswick, in 1795. Caroline, it appears, was popular with everyone but the Prince despite her indiscretions, for which many, like Jane Austen, blamed George (when the Prince first saw Caroline, he supposedly called frantically for brandy). They were separated immediately after the birth of their daughter and George banned her from his elaborate coronation. Caroline, not easily deterred, attempted to force her way in but was repelled by the boxers George had hired as pages (Brown Cunliffe, p.234). Nevertheless, she remained very popular with the general public. George was apparently incapable of achieving similar ‘popularity; indeed, he appears to remain largely indifferent to it, even though his coach was physically attacked in 1817. Instead of reacting positively to the unrest, he chose instead to ‘set styles, taking up Regency ‘dandies like ‘Beau Brummell and using them as his ‘model then dropping them in response to trivial quarrels. (Brummell famously retaliated by responding to a royal snub with the question: ‘Whos your fat friend? but paid for it.) George abandoned the use of wig powder when it was taxed, is largely credited with having spread (on Brummells advice) the adoption of the dark simplicity in male attire which replaced the more elaborate and colourful silks and satins of earlier times and he inspired the wearing of ‘tartan. However, in a time of revolution, war and social upheaval, with his people starving, it is, perhaps, easy to see how ‘accomplished tastes could not be acc epted as any kind of serious substitute for strong, moral leadership. Therefore, although much of the criticism of the Regents appearance was itself superficial, behind it lay a deep disquiet about the future monarch which was in no way dispelled when it became a reality. Byron wrote, in ‘Windsor Poetics, of seeing the Regent standing between the coffins of Henry VIII and Charles I, in the royal vault at Windsor (Byron, Poetical Works, p. 73): Famed for contemptuous breach of sacred ties, By headless Charles see heartless Henry lies; Between them stands another sceptred thing It moves, it reigns in all but name, a king: Charles to his people, Henry to his wife, In him the double tyrant starts to life: Justice and death have mixd their dust in vain, Each royal vampire wakes to life again, Ah, what can tombs avail! since these disgorge The blood and dust of both to mould a George. Byron traces an unhappy lineage to its present ‘sceptred thing: a combination of the arrogance of Charles I, ruling, he thought, by ‘Divine Right, and the corrupt, immoral and headstrong, Henry VIII, who tore the country apart for his own vain fulfilment. These ‘royal vampires, feeding in the style of contemporary Gothic horror from the ‘blood of their people, find a hideous reincarnation in the Regent, ‘the double tyrant, George. Byron does not paint a pretty picture but seems, overall, to reflect a common belief. As The Times printed on his death: What eye has wept for him? What heart has heaved one throb of unmercenary sorrow? If he ever had a friend a devoted friend in any rank of life we protest that the name of him or her never reached us. The birth of the future King George IV, initially announced as that of a girl to his disappointed parents, culminated in a more widespread disappointment. Wellington, Georges polar opposite in most things, called him ‘the worst man I ever fell in with in my whole life but later referred to him more appropriately, perhaps, as a ‘medley of a man. Certainly, both as Regent and King, George presided over a period whose influence is still much in evidence but little of this was due to its ruler. A study into the Indifferent Employee: A study into the Indifferent Employee: To Address the Issues of Indifference in the Workforce and to Consider the Motivational Remedies. Rationale for study Indifference can be described as a lack of interest in doing something, the perception of a task being unimportant or work being carried out with a reduced emphasis; sometimes no emphasis on quality and effort. An indifferent individual could be described as apathetic, with the suppression of emotion. Many companies and human resource departments simply do not acknowledge indifference as the widespread problem it truly is. It is difficult to see what a person or organisation is not doing; it is hard to monitor or observe and therefore the better the knowledge and understanding we have the more effectively we can combat the issue. There is little existing research in the area of indifference amongst the workforce, yet it has been highlighted as a contemporary HR phenomena. EVIDENCE Indifference is a term that is used in many different contexts, Indifferent attitudes and behaviour amongst pockets in the workforce ultimately cost organisations time, money and resources. Indifference cov ers a wide range of subjects such as psychology and sociology as well as business and management. It can no longer be ignored. The research aims to give us a better understanding of efficient and cost effective solutions that ensure successful short and long term motivational harmony for the indifferent elements consisting in the workforce. I will investigate and critically analyse the techniques of motivation and how effective they are in tackling todays generation of indifferent attitudes, this will assist me on making recommendations to quash the effect and impact of indifference. Implications Indifferent individuals reverse productivity and reduce efficiency, inevitably influencing others attitudes. I want to highlight the issue of indifference and suggest the appropriate combatant techniques required to effectively tackle and efficiently resolve the problem. Motivation as a subject has been widely debated over the years and the development of theories have allowed us to gain valuable insights and adopt best practises. Yet it is still important to debate the contemporary thoughts and beliefs on the subject as we enter a new age of indifference we need to think about contemporary motivational solutions, I will be considering the relevance of existing theories. Adopting the right motivational drivers and incorporating effective company culture is ever more helpful for successful business. Indifference and motivation have implications for a number of key functions and areas within all organisations; human resources, culture and performance to name but a few. There simply isnt enough contemporary theory considering the scale and implications of the widely disregarded indifferent employee. Although the subject is relatively new, there is literature in relating fields, motivational tactics may provide us the answer; motivation as a subject has had a great deal of literature over the years. However with ever increasing globalisation and interconnectivity; divisions of labour attitudes, more mixed views and a more wide variety of people we need a more coherent and current idea of contemporary issues like indifference; motivation theory needs to evolve with the 21st century. Motivation and Engagement Through examining the different motivational theories I can gain a better understanding of how motivation has helped engagement and improve employee commitment. Ultimately I will be seeking to how appropriate these techniques are to todays managers with reference to tackling indifference in the workplace. Classic management theory such as Taylor (1911) based the early ideology of motivation. I will talk about the different needs based theories such as Maslows hierarchy, including extensions of the theory. Theories focused on extrinsic and intrinsic rewards, having a wider knowledge base of motivation will aid our understanding and provide better direction and through informed tactics to enable managers to adopt the best practise for the indifferent employee. This will help resolve the issues highlighted. Motivation is the driving force for productivity and efficiency within the workforce. Henri Fayol, an early pioneer of management theory, suggests there are four key elements of management; planning, organising, directing and control. Motivation would be categorised under directing, very similar definitions; directing is leading workers to accomplish the organisations goals and making them perform effectively. Theorizing the phenomenon of indifference will help managers eliminate the problem through motivational implementation they will create more competitive human resource base Cui, 2004 emphasises this point, explaining the; need to groom people to become a source of competitive advantage. The existing research directly regarding motivation contrasts with that of indifference; there is a great amount of literature and a variety of views, however the theory is dated and the methods by which some research was tested is ever increasing coming under scrutiny. The study of motivation w ill aid managers in distinguishing the indifferent employee and enable a higher level of understanding and considerations to effective resolutions for an engaged, committed and motivated workforce. Research Questions To examine the implications, gain a more coherent understanding and properly acknowledge the special needs for the indifferent attitudes amongst employees. To investigate the broader aspects in surrounding theory relating to indifference; to better our knowledge of the phenomena. To support the discussion of indifference and new age motivation resolutions, acknowledging the contemporary problem and considering the application of contemporary motivational theory. Discover the techniques adopted to enhance performance and satisfaction of the workforce and find out which motivational factors will influence the indifferent employee best. Literature review The literature review concerning this investigation leads us to various writings of opinions. Some of these opinions express continuity with one another, but other opinions convey more diverse views. The subject itself is multifaceted and carries a great deal of subjectivity through the questions what exactly is an indifferent employee, how can an organisation identify indifference within the workforce, and what are the best solutions to the problem? Indifference needs to be addressed, as Cuming highlights; what is good for the individual is good for the organisation as well (1993, p. 6). So eliminating indifference will benefit an organisation as a whole, its in the organisations intereset that its work force is engaged if not devoted. Indifference and its Repercussions on the Organisation Radwan, 2009 explains Indifference is the state of feeling where you just dont care about taking an action, the problem with indifference is that sometimes you are aware that doing that thing or taking that action will get you much benefit but still you do nothing, indifference is not like lack of motivation because you may lack motivation if you are not aware of the importance of the activity, however if you are aware but still take no action then you are indifferent. What causes the people to surrender and become indifferent is profound and pro-longed dissatisfaction (Geezla, 1998, 136). It is vital for employees to be engaged in their job and have a positive attitude towards their work and their contribution. I will be seeking to understand why and how indifference comes about in the workplace and from my findings conclude with an effective resolution for the problem. Eslami (2010) states people with (indifference) do not care about the future, because as far as they are concerned, there is no difference between present, future and past. This highlights the problems organisations face with elements of an indifferent workforce; how can an organisation implement tactics and strategic vision with employees that are not engaged in their work and sub sequentially do not conform to organisational culture? Indifferent employees deteriorate in behaviour; this has a negative effect on other colleagues and can slow productivity. The scope of indifference in an organization describes the behaviour of someone who carries out the organizations activities without using their talent or creativity. Indifference threatens to destroy encouragement of the employees; reducing their effort and acceptance of responsibilities (Tabaeian, 2001). Whereas Murphy, 2002 highlights indifference as having a more significant effect on organisational culture, he carried out a stu dy that revealed a perceived discrepancy between the official espousal of the values by the company and their actual enactment  The ambivalence of this group towards such values is reflected in the indifference of staff, for whom the values have little salience as drivers of company policy or practice. He then goes on to state the embedding of company values is represented as part of a larger descriptive framework of salience. It is also argued that political considerations, including powerful, unofficial cultural and sub cultural norms, will override the impact of officially espoused, but unembedded, values. Further highlighting the need for a better understanding and contemporary acknowledgement through his statement; Organizations that look to land a fast fix or play politics, rarely bridge isolated silos of discipline, culture, gender or beliefs. To fully understand the idea of an indifferent individual, I will be touching commitment and focusing on engagement. Literature relating to this field will help provide a better understanding of the motivational remedies.Commitment is a kind of devotion including feelings such as trust and reliability that organisations wish to gain from their employees. Whilst not a lot has been directly written on indifference, there is much literature on commitment. The employee should be a productive member of an organisation, rather than enter an employment relationship on the basis of submission and obligation. Submission and obligation can lead to feelings of indifference. Price states that employees should be committed to the organisations mission and values. Price explains that employees will show dedication and enthusiasm only if they want to, and not out of compliance. Prices model is based on an anti-authoritarian viewpoint, so his view is interesting when compared to managerial methods o f motivating indifferent employees. Price attributes the importance of commitment to an individual level. P15 Indifferent employees do not expect much from their organization, except a pay check and in some cases, benefits. Highly indifferent employees see their life as existing separate from work. Those employees who are low in indifference are generally believed to have orientations contrary to the highly indifferent workers. Behaviour plays a key role in understanding this problem. A reason why there has been so little research on this topic is because even if organisations acknowledge indifference they cannot tell what percentage of their workforce are indifferent; people are aware of its existence but they dont feel it occurs at a wide enough level to be taken seriously and have the perception of appropriate procedures in place to counter act the effects. (Grzybowska 2005) A recent study found that 68% of customers who leave do so because of a company employees indifference. How To Get Your Employees To Treat Customers Better Lisa Earle McLeod,  04.26.10, 01:21 PM EDT Indifference not only slows the company operations and efficiency down but can also lead to consumers having a negative experience with the organisation. Writing in an article regarding organisational brainpower, Weber (2010) explains that an organisation opting for a quick fix strategy for resolving issues regarding organisational discipline, culture and beliefs will not work, He stresses the importance of involvement from higher level management; It takes involvement from an institutes top leadership, a willingness to invest time, and talent within teams that come from many sectors of society. He suggests a balanced variety of workers will help engage individuals and improve performance. Indifference needs to be tackle head on, more interaction between low level workers and their superiors is important in reducing the problem, creating a culture that acts as a disincentive to indifference is important but actually noticing and monitoring the problem of indifference and understanding the wider implications and affects is the only way to implement a successful combatant strategy to effectively eradicate the problem whilst ensuring. Motivation Application and Engagement Effectiveness There has been an enormous amount of literature produced regarding motivation over the last century. Motivation theory was first introduced to the world of business by early pioneers such as Taylor. Latham, 2007, explains Taylors research found money was the primary incentive for motivating the workforce. The classical management theory suggests managers should adopt a militant style, authoritarian technique. I do not believe this attitude should be embraced by todays mangers for tackling indifference, although money may be a primary incentive for an indifferent employee, management need to intrinsically motivate, getting the individuals more engaged; this strategy was proven inefficient and not as productive as alternative methods. The importance of motivational factors and the needs of the employee lead to better management resolution, managers cannot go back to this perspective it will not work on a long term basis Prior to Maslow, researchers generally focused on separate motivational factors separately. Maslow (1954) developed the hierarchy of needs, this introduced a fundamental change to the way employee productivity and motivation was perceived and built the foundations for further motivational theory. The hierarchy of needs is a triangular dimension with five elements; Physiological needs, safety/security needs, need for belongingness, self esteem and finally self actualization. Maslow claims all employees will move along the hierarchy. In order to progress you need to fulfil the requirements a particular element to move up the hierarchy. The indifferent employee in many cases is a former team member and was at some stage a substantial contributor, this theory is not applicable with the indifferent employee due to them being at different levels of the hierarchy when the attitude sets in. Existence-relatedness-growth theory similar to Maslows hierarchy suggests motivation is a result of pe ople attempting to satisfy basic needs, unlike Maslows 5 needs Alderfer (1969) suggests there are three needs; existence, relatedness and growth. This theory is more appropriate for tackling indifference. Existence needs would cover the lower aspects of the hierarchy; physiological and safety needs. Related needs would come under esteem and belongingness and growth needs would tend to be towards the top of the hierarchy at the self actualization level. One conflicting view in this theory is that the needs are not progressive in the way that there is no hierarchy; managers having a more productive role in engagement and employee progression will reduce the potential for indifferent attitudes to establish themselves within employees; resolving the issues before they become a problem. Alderfer suggests people may work on satisfying all needs at once rather than satisfying one need to move on to the next. Process theories of motivation focus on relations between performance and satisfaction; Equity theory was introduced through Adams, J, S. (1965). According to Jones R, G. George, J, M. (2003) the equity theory is defined as a theory of motivation that focuses on peoples perceptions of the fairness of their work outcomes relative to their work outputs. The theory is based on a ratio of input and output. The theory argues that inputs such as training and skills will result in outcomes such as pay and fringe benefits. Similar to performance related pay, equity theory suggests the ratio will create absolute fairness. Having the opportunity to earn on a level playing field will satisfy employees and motivate them to better their performance. Equity theory supports the view performance will increase as a result of increased job satisfaction. With successful application of Alderfer; the equity theory will be more effective or justified. Financial reward is not the best incentive for fully engagement of the indifferent employee; intrinsic motivation is more desired and more beneficial for the organisation as a whole. In contrast to this Vroom developed expectancy theory. His views based on that of Lewin (1935) and Rotter (1955) suggest people expect a certain level of effort or performance to achieve desired objectives and goals. Increasing job satisfaction will come as a result of increasing job performance. Vroom (1964) defines two key elements to the theory: expectancy; a momentary belief concerning the likelihood that a particular act will be followed by a particular outcome. Valence; affective orientations toward particular outcomes valence either comes negative or positive, for example a person who prefers attaining an outcome rather than not-attaining the outcome has positive valence. Expectancy theory suggests motivation depends on how strong the expectancy is and how valiant the person finds the task. This is aligned to that of the indifferent employee; one that has lost their way. This indicates job design is crucial for effective performance. Forde Whiddett, (2002) explain the concept of Instrumentality, also developed through expectancy theory, unlike expectancy; instrumentality suggests one outcome will lead to another important outcome. Porter and Lawyer (1968) researched expectancy theory and their findings supported that of Vroom. One criticism they did have was the theory did not take into account ability and job clarity, expectancy theory focused on extrinsic motivation rather than intrinsic. The indifferent employee needs a shift in philosophy to a more intrinsically motivated state of mind in order to resolve the issue indefinitely. McClelland Atkinson (1965) introduced achievement motivational needs theory, the theory is based on behaviour in achievement orientated activities, there are three specific motivational conditions; willingness to participate, ability or perception to achieve the goal; expectancy and there must be an incentive to carry out the task. Achievement theory categorises everyone into different personalities and needs. McClelland found three different types of need; the need for achievement, need for power and the need for affiliation. All have specific traits and tendencies which are explained in detail. This could be a solution, a balance between fairness and progression will help engage indifferent attitudes. Task motivation theory, or better known as goal setting theory was developed through Locke (1968) his study found three important points, Precise goals which can be measured are a much better tool of motivation rather than just giving general goals. More difficult goals lead to a gre ater level of performance compared with easy goals, Peoples decisions are influenced by their behavioural intention. Indifferent attitudes will be hard to stimulate progressive goals setting may have a negative impact for indifferent individuals yet is an appropriate motivator for the common worker aligned to the organisations culture and has a reasonable level of commitment. Latter theories of motivation include Herzberg (1987) who describes motivation as a function of growth from getting intrinsic rewards out of interesting and challenging work. Herzbergs two factor theory is separated between causes of job dissatisfaction named hygiene factors and positive elements of the job leading to satisfaction, named motivators. In his research he points out the opposite of job dissatisfaction will not lead to job satisfaction rather no job satisfaction. The same is true with the other side of the theory regarding motivators. He highlights extrinsic motivation as hygiene factors which will inevitably lead to no job satisfaction or job dissatisfaction. He also suggests the motivational factors i.e. motivators will lead to motivated or unmotivated workforce. Forde, Whiddett. (2002) explain If job satisfaction leads to greater productivity, it makes sense that any improvements in motivators should lead to an improvement in performance. Satisfaction for the job is c rucial, early motivational remedies can help solve the problem. A paternalistic managerial stance will improve communication and the manager can re-bridge the commitment and increase the performance enabling an all round more vigorously engaged individual. More recent theories and expansions on motivation include the development of emotional intelligence, Goleman (1995) deriving from early ideas on social intelligence from Thorndike (1937). Butler and Waldroop acknowledge the importance of four dimensions of relational work: intelligence, interpersonal facilitation, relational creativity and team leadership. This more common theory should be adopted in order to abolish the indifference before it arises. It can provide the employee with more responsibility and a new calling so to speak although risky in the hand sof the indifferent it may have an outstanding affect on engagement and motivation, management intuition and general people skills and assessment should provide an inkling into what needs the indifferent employee is requiring and what can possibly help drive them and reinstate a good level of commitment. Conclusions and Recommendations for further research Classical Management theory and Maslows Hierarchy of Needs are not best appropriate if wanting to motivate the indifferent employee. Alderfers three needs of existence, relatedness and growth are more applicable, indifference could occur from a lack of these needs, building and growing predominately worse over time as a result of managers failing to acknowledge potential capacity for improvement and an individuals workplace progress or even evolution. For effective engagement and sufficient commitment addressing these needs will help the employees stay focused and committed to the job at hand and ensure successful and proud representation. Equity Theory can in some cases help stimulate the employee and reengages them back into good work ethic. Performance related pay structures for example will motivate employees in the short term, with a less impact on that of the indifferent however financial reward is not top priority for routing out the cause and permanently eradicating indiffere nt attitudes within employees. Intrinsic motivation theory provides the best answer; Herzberg 1987 for example, the motivators on this two factor theory can be adopted and utilised in attempting to reverse the effect of indifference. In order to resolve the issue it is necessary to reverse the growing entrenchment of negative work ethic as soon as possible. A number of motivational drivers should be adopted finding the one that works for the employee swiftly is advocated. Managers need to be effective in reforming the philosophy, ethics and morality of its indifferent employees; it is of the upmost importance; Murphy, 2002 states. leaders need charisma to generate the awareness and sentiment. Indifference in employees based in customer faced roles will have a profound negative impact on the customers perception of the organisation. Helpful and useful customer interaction is ever more desired if not required in todays business world. It improves the organisations competitiveness, retains custom and advocates the reputation of the business. Ensuring customers are more than satisfied with their experience is a top priority; the point of interaction with representatives of the organisation plays an important part in credibility. Evidence Without managerial acknowledgement and a suitable, proactive, response; departments will not be as fully efficient and will suffer from poor representation. This low morale should be addressed through changing managerial tactics and applying different motivational engagement tools. There needs to be a change; one of which implements more desire and passion for indifferent members. Motivation drives the workforce; influencing capacity and capability, it is also crucial for implementing the companys mission and image throughout all levels of organisational structure. Motivation enables employees to better embrace the organisations culture. The indifference issue is very real; individuals will persist and their attitudes will free fall. Failing to resolve the matters effectively will result in a wider and more severe impact over time. Changing the mindset of the individual employee in order to fully engage them will reverse any entrenched attitudes. Through the correct motivational and managerial manner they can become exceptional employees once again. Returning the sound work ethic and standard will result in a noticeable and improved individual contribution; a benefit all human resource managers like to see. Managers should have the opportunity for a more decentralised, motivational policy in order to tackle indifferent attitudes. More managerial discretion for methods that will bridge the needs of the indifferent with that of the goals of the organisation should be promoted. There needs to be a change in perspective away from the mainstream motivation, that of one predominate policy applying to all employees is not the path for the solving the indifference problem. When tackling indifference we need to change the motivational approach for different cases; the manager should be able to pick up on key indicators and measures; productivity for example. (Bratton and Golds, 1999) quest model also highlights main functions of HR and provides other aspects and indicators such as absenteeism. Indifferent employees need to perceive management as sufficiently addressing their needs and wants whilst balancing the organisational or departmental goals, desires and expectations, in a fair way. This i s not best done through an appraisal structure but more similar to that of an informal meeting. Individuals are unique and indifference is best tackled when treating cases individually; assertiveness for individual needs will result in a better management practise and are more likely to settle the issue amongst the individual indefinitely. Further research Relatively long term case studies into finding, observing and documenting individual cases will provide a clearer understanding. Implementing different techniques spoken about can truly test the theories; accumulating a wealth of indifferent strategies for individual types perhaps. I recommend these further research ideas; Comparing Indifference in a number of public and private sector organisations will enable a better insight; revealing the issue to see if it is more prone to certain structures, management styles or sectors. A case study observing different effects of a range of motivational tactics using set trial periods for each. Doing this on indifferent employees would be enlightening; By researching further and obtaining these findings this could enable us to categorise different levels or types and potentially identify key catalysts for indifference amongst the workforce. Ethical considerations may have to be taken into account; if observation is carried out without employee knowledge and consent, it will cause concern. Some will argue this is necessary so the outcome is not manipulated; in order to sustain more accurate findings. There are also many variables to take into account, company culture for example, but identifying indifferent employees needs to be acknowledged. if managers are well equipped with the knowhow and can differentiate between a lack of progress or temporary spells of poor performance with an actual indifferent employee then they can see what works best and gain a wider knowledge base for the themselves and the field of interest. Through using productivity measures and observing progress the issue can be studied effectively. Implementing other comparative and assessable variables will enable a more solid base on which findings can be assessed more reputably; ultimately attaining more conclusive and accredited research will drive the issue into the mainstream.